پایان نامه اثر پروبیوتیک ساکارومایسس سرویزیه و اسیدهای آلی بر مرفولوژی روده، فراسنجه های خونی، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و عملکرد رشد جوجه‌‌های گوشتی

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه اثر پروبیوتیک ساکارومایسس سرویزیه و اسیدهای آلی بر مرفولوژی روده، فراسنجه های خونی، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و عملکرد رشد جوجه‌‌های گوشتی

فهرست:

عنوان ............................................................................................................................... صفحه

فصل اول: مقدمه و مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته............................................................................. 1

1-1- مقدمه. 2

1-1-1- تاثیر سن حیوان بر میکروفلور دستگاه گوارش... 3

1-1-2- تاثیر محیط بر میکروفلور دستگاه گوارش... 3

1-1-3- تاثیر تنش بر میکروفلور دستگاه گوارش... 3

1-1-4- تاثیر ترکیبات ضدباکتریایی بر میکروفلور دستگاه گوارش... 4

1-1-5- تاثیر خوراک مصرفی بر میکروفلور دستگاه گوارش... 4

1-2- افزودنی‌های خوراک... 4

1-3- پروبیوتیک­ها و اسید­های آلی .. 5

1-3- 1- پروبیوتیک­ها 5

1-3-1-1- اثر پروبیوتیک­ها بر عملکرد رشد طیور. 6

1-3-1-2- اثر پروبیوتیکها بر pH دستگاه گوارش طیور. 7

1-3-1-3- اثر پروبیوتیک ها بر فراسنجه­های خونی طیور. 8

1-3-1-4- اثر پروبیوتیک ها بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی طیور. 9

1-3-1-5- اثر پروبیوتیک ها بر میکروب­ها و مرفولوژی روده طیور. 10

1-3-1-6- انتخاب میکروارگانیسم­ها به منظور تولید پروبیوتیک­ها 12

1-3-1-7- مخمر­ها 12

1-3-1-7-1- اکولوژی مخمر­ها.. 12

1-3-1-7-2- موارد کاربرد مخمر­ها 13

1-3-1-7-3- مخمرهای بیماریزا 13

1-3-1-7-4- تاثیر مخمر­ها در فساد خوراک... 14

1-3-1-7-5- استفاده از مخمر به عنوان مکمل تغذیه ای.. 14

1-3-1-7-6- ساکارو مایسس سرویزیه. 14

1-3-1-7-6-1- تاریخچه کشف ساکارومایسس سرویزیه. 15

1-3-1-7-6-2- فرایند رشد ساکارومایسس سرویزیه. 16

1-3-1-7-6-3- اثر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر عملکرد طیور 16

1-3-1-7-6-4- اثر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه برpH  دستگاه گوارش طیور 17

1-3-1-7-6-5- اثر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر فراسنجه­های خونی طیور 18

1-3-1-7-6-6- اثر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی طیور 19

1-3-1-7-6-7- اثر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر میکروب­ها و مرفولوژی روده طیور 20

1-3-2-  اسیدهای آلی.. 21

1-3-2-1- مشخصات اسیدهای آلی.. 21

1-3-2-2- اسید­های آلی در بدن. 21

1-3-2- 3- برخی اسید­های آلی مورد استفاده در قالب افزودنی­های خوراک... 22

1-3-2-3-1- اسید فرمیک... 22

1-3-2-3-2- اسید لاکتیک... 22

1-3-2-3-3- اسید مالیک 23

1-3-2-3-4- اسید سیتریک 23

1-3-2-3-5- اسید تارتاریک 24

1-3-2-3-6- اسید ارتو فسفریک... 24

1-3-2-4- اثراسید­های آلی بر عملکرد طیور 24

1-3-2-5- اثر اسید­های آلی برpH  دستگاه گوارش طیور 26

1-3-2-6- اثر اسید­های آلی بر فراسنجه­های خونی طیور 27

1-3-2-7- اثر اسید­های آلی بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی طیور 27

1-3-2-8- اثر اسید­های آلی بر میکروب­ها و مرفولوژی روده طیور 29

فصل دوم:  مواد و روش تحقیق............................................................................................... 31

2-1- محل اجرای آزمایش... 32

2-2- موقعیت و ابعاد سالن.. 32

2-3- آماده سازی سالن.. 32

2-4- واحد آزمایشی.. 33

2-5- شرایط محیطی پرورش... 33

2-5-1- دما 33

2-5-2- رطوبت... 34

2-5- 3 – نور. 34

2-5-4- تهویه. 34

2-5-5- دانخوری و آبخوری.. 35

2-6- برنامه های بهداشتی و واکسیناسیون. 35

2-7- تیمارهای آزمایشی.. 36

2-8- طرح آماری آزمایش... 37

2-9- تجزیه آماری.. 38

2-10- تنظیم جیره ها و تجزیه مواد غذایی.. 38

2-11- صفات مورد بررسی در آزمایش... 39

2-11-1- اندازه گیری میزان خوراک مصرفی.. 39

2-11-2-اندازه گیری متوسط افزایش وزن بدن. 40

2-11-3- متوسط ضریب تبدیل خوراک... 41

2-11-4- اندازه گیری درصد تلفات... 41

2-11-5- تعیین میانگین وزن لاشه به صورت درصدی از وزن زنده  در روز 28. 42

2-11-6- تعیین میانگین قسمتهای مختلف لاشه به صورت درصدی از وزن زنده در روز 28. 42

2-12- قابلیت هضم ایلئومی ‌مواد مغذی.. 43

2-13- درصد ماده خشک نمونه­ها 44

2-14- درصد خاکستر نمونه­ها 44

2-15- درصد پروتئین نمونه­ها (ایلئومی و خوراک) 45

2-16- درصد چربی نمونه­ها 45

2-17- تعیین ضرایب قابلیت هضم. 46

2-18- آزمایشات بافت شناسی روده 46

2-19- محاسبه فراسنجه­های خون. 46

2-20- اندازه گیری pH.. 47

فصل سوم:  نتایج.. 48

3-1-  اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر صفات تولیدی جوجه­های گوشتی.. 49

3-2- مقایسه میانگین قسمتهای مختلف لاشه (درصد از وزن زنده) در روز 28. 51

3-3- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر pH  سنگدان و سکوم. 53

3-4- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر فراسنجه­های سرم خون جوجه­های گوشتی.. 53

3-5- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر قابلیت هضم ایلئومی مواد مغذی جوجه­های گوشتی.. 54

3-6- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر خصوصیات مرفولوژی روده کوچک جوجه­های گوشتی.. 55

فصل چهارم: بحث... 57

4-1-  اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر صفات تولیدی جوجه­های گوشتی.. 58

4-2- اثر اسید آلی و مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر صفات لاشه. 59

4-3- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر pH سنگدان و سکوم................................................................ 60

4-4- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر فراسنجه­های سرم خون جوجه­های گوشتی.................................. 60

4-5- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر قابلیت هضم ایلئومی مواد مغذی جوجه­های گوشتی.. 61

4-6- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر خصوصیات مرفولوژی روده کوچک جوجه­های گوشتی............... 63

4-2- نتیجه گیری کلی.. 65

4-3- پیشنهادات... 66

منابع. 67

فهرست شکل­ها........................................................................................................................... صفحه

شکل 1-1- نمایی از پرز­های زبانی موجود در بخش­های مختلف روده کوچک (مولائی و همکاران، 1385) 11

شکل 1-2- نمایی از پرز­های انگشتی موجود در بخش­های مختلف روده کوچک (مولائی و همکاران، 1385) 11

 شکل 1-3- ساختار شیمیایی اسید فرمیک... 22

شکل 1-4- ساختار شیمیایی اسید لاکتیک... 22

شکل 1-5- ساختار شیمیایی اسید مالیک... 23

شکل 1-6- ساختار شیمیایی اسید سیتریک... 24

شکل 1-7- ساختار شیمیایی اسید تارتاریک... 24

شکل 1-8- ساختار شیمیایی اسید ارتوفسفریک... 24

شکل2-1- مادر مصنوعی.. 34

شکل2-2- دانخوری آویز و آبخوری سیفونی برای روز دهم به بعد. 35

فهرست جداول........................................................................................................................... صفحه

جدول1-1- کلاس بندی ساکارومایسس سرویزیه (یاماموتو ، 2002) 15

جدول 2-1- شرایط دمایی تأمین شده در کل دوره پرورش... 33

جدول 2-2- برنامه واکسیناسیون. 36

جدول 2-3- اجزای تشکیل دهنده جیره­های پایه مورد استفاده در دوره­های (21- 1روزگی) و رشد (42- 22 روزگی) 39

جدول 3-1- اثرات تیمارهای غذایی بر وزن بدن، افزایش وزن روزانه ، خوراک مصرفی ، ضریب تبدیل غذایی  50

جدول 3-2- مقایسه میانگین قسمت‌های مختلف لاشه به صورت درصدی از وزن زنده در روز 28.  52

جدول 3-3- اثر تیمارهای غذایی بر pH  سنگدان و سکوم در روز 28. 53

جدول 3-4- اثرات تیمارهای غذایی بر فراسنجه‌های خونی در روز 35. 54

جدول 3-5- اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر قابلیت هضم ایلئومی مواد مغذی جوجه­های گوشتی روز 28...        54 

  جدول 3-6- اثر تیمار­های آزمایشی بر خصوصیات مرفولوژی روده کوچک جوجه­های گوشتی 56

.

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