پایان نامه اهمیت اقتصادی طلا در جهان و موقعیت اکتشاف و استخراج طلای ایران در مقایسه با جهان

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه اهمیت اقتصادی طلا در جهان و موقعیت اکتشاف و استخراج طلای ایران در مقایسه با جهان

فهرست:

چکیده                                                                                                                                                                 1

مقدمه                                                                                                                                                                 2

فصل اول، منشأ،خصوصیات و اهمیت اقتصادی طلا                                                                                     3

1-1- اهمیت اقتصادی طلا                                                                                                                             4

1-1-1- ملاحظات استراتژیک                                                                                                                      4    

2-1-1- کیمیاگری جدید                                                                                                                              5

3-1-1- طلای آزمایشگاهی                                                                                                                        5 

2-1- تاریخچه                                                                                                                                                  9

3-1- کانی شناسی طلا                                                                                                                                   9

1-3-1- کانی های اصلی طلا                                                                                                                      10

2-3-1- کانی های فرعی طلا                                                                                                                     12

3-3-1- اکسیدهای طلا                                                                                                                              13

4-1- خواص فیزیکی                                                                                                                                    13

1-4-1- خواص فیزیکی طلا                                                                                                                       13

5-1-خواص شیمیایی                                                                                                                                    15

1-5-1- خواص شیمیایی طلا                                                                                                                      15

6-1- ذخایر طلا و همراهان آن                                                                                                                  16

6-1-1-آنتیمونیت                                                                                                                                        16

2-6-1- لیمونیت (کانه آهن قهوه ای)                                                                                                   16

3-6-1- کانی هرزه سنگ طلا                                                                                                 17

7-1- منشا طلا                                                                                                                                                19

1-7-1- چگونگی پیدایش پلاسر طلا                                                                                                          20

2-7-1- کانسارهای ماسیو سولفید                                                                                                             22

3-7-1- کانسارهای مس پورفیری طلا دار                                                                                              22

4-7-1- چگونگی تشکیل کانسارهای طلای اپی ترمال                                                                          24

5-7-1-انواع کانسارهای طلای اپی ترمال                                                                                             25

8-1- کانسارهای طلا                                                                                                                                   26

 1-8-1- کانسارهای طلای پرکامبرین                                                                                                      27

2-8-1- عیار و میزان ذخیره کانسارهای طلای پرکامبرین                                                                    29

3-8-1- کانسارهای طلای فانروزوئیک                                                                                                    29

4-8-1- عیار و میزان ذخیره کانسارهای طلای فانروزوئیک                                                               30

ث

9-1- ژئو شیمی طلا                                                                                                                                      30

فصل دوم،فعالیتهای اکتشافی و استخراجی در بعضی نقاط کشور                                                          34

1-2- حوزه فلززایی طلا – پلی متال ترود – چاه شیرین                                                                        35

2-2- حوزه فلززایی طلای مزوترمال مهاباد – مریوان                                                                          35

3-2- حوزه فلززایی طلا – آرسنیک – جیوه – آنتیموان قروه – تکاب                                                35

4-2- حوزه فلززایی مس، طلا، سرب و روی انارک – خور                                                                   36

5-2- حوزه فلززایی کاشمر – تربت حیدریه                                                                                           36

6-2- حوزه فلز زایی کرمان – زریگان                                                                                                     36

7-2- حوزه فلززایی طلا، ‌تنگستن، پلی متال بینالود                                                                              37

8-2- حوزه فلززایی کرومیت، مس توده ای و منگنزبیرجند – خاش                                                  37    

9-2- حوزه فلززایی مس و طلای ده سلم – خوسف                                                                                38       

10-2- حوزه فلززایی طلا، آنتیموان، پلی متال خاش – زاهدان                                                          38

11-2- کارهای اکتشافی قبلی انجام شده در منطقه موته                                                                        41

1-11-2-  تعداد کانسارو مقدار ذخایر شناسایی شده                                                                            41

 2-11-2-  قسمت های مختلف کارخانه استحصال طلا                                                                         42

12-2- کانسار ارغش                                                                                                                                    42

1-12-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                               43

2-12-2- مطالعات قبلی انجام شده                                                                                                       46

3-12-2- مطالعات صورت گرفته                                                                                                             47

4-12-2- واحدهای زمین شناسی کانسار شماره 3                                                                               47

5-12-2- کانسار شماره 3 به شش زون تقسیم بندی شده است                                                            48

6-12-2-  کانسار 4 ارغش                                                                                                                        49

7-12-2- کلیه کارهای انجام شده                                                                                                            50

13-2- کانسار طرقبه                                                                                                                                    51

14-2- کانسار طلای کرویان(سقز)                                                                                                            52

1-14-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                  52

2-14-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                              53

3-14-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                53

15-2- منطقه زرمهر                                                                                                                                     56

1-15-2-زمین شناسی                                                                                                                                56

2-15-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                 58

16-2- منطقه داشکسن                                                                                                                                 59

1-16-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                     59

ج

2-16-2-زمین شناسی                                                                                                                                60

3-16-2- عملیات اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                    62

4-16-2- پی‌گیری نمونه‌برداری سنگی                                                                                                  66

17-2- طلای آستانه                                                                                                                                    68

1-17-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                  68

2-17-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                            69

3-17-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                  71

18-2- منطقه کلاته تیمور                                                                                                                           72

1-18-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                  72

2-18-2-زمین شناسی                                                                                                            73

3-18-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                 73

4-18-2-  مطالعات پیش بینی شده برای آینده                                                                      74

19-2- کانسار طلای گلوگاه                                                                                                                        75

1-19-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                  75

2-19-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                 75

3-19-2- آثار فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                        76

4-19-2-  فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                77

5-19-2- فعالیت‌های صورت گرفته بعدی                                                                                              78   20-2- کانسار قزل اوزن                                                                                                                             81

1-20-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                    81

2-20-2-  فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                              82

3-20-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                             83

4-20-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                84

5-20-2- نتایج بدست آمده از مطالعات دفتری و صحرایی                                                                84

6-20-2- اکتشافات تکمیلی                                                                                                                      87

21-2- کانسار طلای شرف آباد                                                                                                                  88

1-21-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                    88

2-21-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                  91

22-2-  کانسار طلای یوسف لو- صفی خانلو- نقدوز                                                                            92

1-22-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                 96

2-22-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                   97

3-22-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                              97

4-22-2- مطالعات اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                                  99

چ

5-22-2- شرح فعالیت‌های اکتشافی صورت گرفته                                                                               101

23-2-  کانسار زرین اردکان                                                                                                                   103

1-23-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                               103

24-2- کانسار نبی جان                                                                                                                             105

1-24-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                105

2-24-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                             106

3-24-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                              108

25-2- منطقه سیاه کلان                                                                                                                            109

1-25-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                   109

2-25-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                              110

26-2- کانسار سرچشمه                                                                                                                             113

1-26-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                  113

27-2- طلا در کانسار مس قلعه زری                                                                                                       114

1-27-2-  موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                114

2-27-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                             115

28-2- کانسار طلای خاروانا                                                                                                                    116

1-28-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                 116

29-2- کانسار قلعه جوق                                                                                                                           117

1-29-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                 117

2-29-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                            117

3-29-2- فعالیتهای اکتشافی انجام شده                                                                                              117                                                   

30-2- کانسار ضیاءکوه (سیاهکل)                                                                                                           118

1-30-2- موقعیت جغرافیایی                                                                                                                  118

2-30-2- زمین شناسی                                                                                                                             119

فصل سوم، تولیدات طلا در برخی معادن دنیا و نقش آن در اقتصاد جهان                                           120

1-3- طلا در جهان                                                                                                                                      121

1-1-3- ماه جولای                                                                                                                                    121

2-1-3- ماه آپریل                                                                                                                                    122

3-1-3- ماه آگوست                                                                                                                                 124

4-1-3- ماه فوریه                                                                                                                                     125

5-1-3- ماه ژانویه                                                                                                                                    126

6-1-3- ماه ژوئن                                                                                                                                     128

7-1-3- ماه مارس                                                                                                                                    129

ح

8-1-3- ماه می                                                                                                                                         131

9-1-3- ماه سپتامبر                                                                                                                                  132

10-1-3- ماه اکتبر                                                                                                                                    134

فصل چهارم، مصارف طلا در دنیا واکتشاف ، استخراج و استحصال آن                         136

1-4- موارد مصرف طلا                                                                                                                             137

1-1-4- مصارف درمانی طلا                                                                                                                   140

2-4- روش‌های اکتشافی طلا                                                                                                                   142

3-4- روش‌های مختلف نمونه برداری                                                                                                   144

1-3-4- نمونه برداری از بیرون‌زدگی های طبیعی                                                                           145

2-3-4- برداشت نمونه از راه های افقی زیرزمینی                                                                           146

3-3-4- نمونه برداری از طریق چاهک                                                                                               147

4-3-4-  چاه‌های عمودی                                                                                                                     147

5-3-4- نمونه برداری سیستماتیک                                                                                                       147

4-4- تهیه‌ نمونه‌ متوسط معدن                                                                                                                148

1-4-4- تعیین زون اکسیده                                                                                                                    148

5-4- تعیین ذخیره معدن                                                                                                                          150

1-5-4- ذخیره قطعی                                                                                                                               150

2-5-4- ذخیره احتمالی                                                                                                                          150

3-5-4- ذخیره ممکن                                                                                                                              150

6-4- تعیین ذخیره دقیق هر معدن مورد اکتشاف                                                                                  150

1-6-4- حفر تونل‌های اکتشافی                                                                                                              151

2-6-4- حفرگمانه های اکتشافی مغزه گیری                                                                                       155

3-6-4- حفر ترانشه های اکتشافی                                                                                                        158

7-4- دستگاهی مورد استفاده در امر اکتشاف‌طلا از رسوبات آبرفتی                                                160

1-7-4- دستگاه یابنده طلا                                                                                                                      160

2-7-4- جعبه شن شویی                                                                                                                          161

8-4- استخراج معادن طلا                                                                                                                        162

1-8-4- روش استخراج روباز                                                                                                                 162

2-8-4- روش استخراج زیرزمینی                                                                                                        163

9-4- چگونگی عمل طلاشویی                                                                                                                 165

1-9-4-  طلا شویی                                                                                                                                  166

2-9-4- لاروب                                                                                                                                          167

10-4- روش‌های کانه‌آرایی کانسنگ‌های طلا                                                                                       170

خ

1-10-4- روش آمالگاسیون یا ملقمه سازی                                                                                           170

2-10-4-اصول روش ملقمه‌سازی                                                                                                            170

3-10-4- روش‌های ثقلی                                                                                                                         171

11-4- جیگ                                                                                                                                                172

1-11-4-اصول حرکت دانه ها در جیگ                                                                                                 172

12-4- مارپیچ همفری                                                                                                                               174

13-4- میز لرزان                                                                                                                                       175

14-4- مخروط ریچارد                                                                                                                             176

15-4- میز راندلیز                                                                                                                                     176

16-4- جداکننده ثقلی نلسون                                                                                                                 177

17-4- اصول لیچینگ                                                                                                                                178

18-4- کوپلاسیون یا غالگذاری                                                                                                               179

19-4- واحد نیمه صنعتی ( پایلوت)                                                                                                         180

1-19-4- ظرفیت پایلوت                                                                                                                          182

20-4- عوامل موثردرحلالیت طلا                                                                                                           186

1-20-4-اثر غلظت سیانور                                                                                                                       186

2-20-4- اثرPH محیط                                                                                                                           188

3-20-4-اثر حرارت محیط                                                                                                                    188

4-20-4- اثر اکسیژن                                                                                                                               189

5-20-4- اثر نور وسطح                                                                                                                           190

6-20-4-اثراندازه ی ذرات                                                                                                                     190

7-20-4-اثر مواد شیمیایی استفاده شده در فلوتاسیون                                                                       191

21-4- عوامل مصرف کننده سیانور                                                                                                         191

1-21-4-کانی ها و ترکیبات مس                                                                                                             192

2-21-4- سولفورهای آهن                                                                                                                     193

22-4- مشکلات سیانوراسیون سنگ های معدنی پیچیده                                                                    193

1-22-4- کانسنگ های آنتیموان                                                                                                           194

2-22-4- کانسنگ آرسنوپیریت                                                                                                              194

3-22-4- کانی های تلور                                                                                                                        195

23-4- روش های بازیابی طلا                                                                                                                195

1-23-4-روش پودر روی                                                                                                                        195

2-23-4- روش استفاده از کربن فعال                                                                                                  196

3-23-4- جداکردن کمپلکس سیانور-طلا از کربن                                                                           197

د

4-23-4- جدا کردن طلا از محلول باردار                                                                                          197

5-23-4- کربن فعال                                                                                                                               197

6-23-4- روش ساخت کربن فعال شده                                                                                               198

24-4- روش های فرآوری کانسنگ های مقاوم طلا                                                                            198

1-24-4- تشویه                                                                                                                                         200

2-24-4- اکسیداسیون تحت فشار                                                                                                          201

3-24-4-اکسیداسیون بیولوژیکی                                                                                                         201

4-24-4- خردایش زیاد                                                                                                                          201

25-4- روش اندازه گیری طلا                                                                                                                 202

1-25-4- روش اندازه گیری طلا به صورت جامد                                                                               202

2-25-4- روش اندازه گیری سیانور آزاد                                                                                            203

26-4- مسایل ایمنی و زیست محیطی                                                                                                   203

1-26-4-  راهنمای شناسایی سیانید                                                                                                     205

2-26-4- آزاد سازى مواد سمى                                                                                                            206

3-26-4- زهکشی اسیدی معادن                                                                                                          207

4-26-4- آبهای مسموم                                                                                                                          208

5-26-4- ناتوانی سدهای پس ماند                                                                                                      208

6-26-4- آلودگی آب‌ها توسط جیوه                                                                                                   209

7-26-4- اثرات معادن طلا بر روی هوا                                                                                                209

27-4- گزارش‌های اثرهای زیست محیطی                                                                                           210

1-27-4-ایالات متحده                                                                                                                             211

2-27-4- کانادا                                                                                                                                       212

3-27-4-انگلستان                                                                                                                                   212

28-4- احیاء و آبادسازی                                                                                                                         212

فصل پنجم، موقعیت طلای ایران در مقایسه با جهان و بررسی ذخایر و تجارت جهانی طلا               214

1-5- عیار طلا                                                                                                                                             215

1-1-5- روش سنتی                                                                                                                                  216

2-1-5- روش تعیین با دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر                                                                                      216

3-1-5- روش کوپلاسیون                                                                                                                        216

2-5- آزمایشگاه تجزیه و تعیین عیار طلا                                                                                               218

3-5- تست تکنولوژی سنگ معدنی طلا دار                                                                                           219   

4-5- نقش طلا در سیستم پولی                                                                                                                221

 5-5- بازارهای طلا                                                                                                                                  222

ذ

6-5- تجارت جهانی طلا                                                                                                                          225

7-5- مقدمه ای در مورد تولید طلا                                                                                                        226

8-5- ارزیابی عوامل اقتصادی یک ذخیره طلا                                                                                     230

9-5- ذخایر ارز و طلای ایران                                                                                                                 231

10-5- ذخائر جهانی طلا                                                                                                                          232

11-5- کشورهای اصلی تولید کننده طلا                                                                                               233

1-11-5- آفریقای جنوبی                                                                                                                      233

2-11-5- آمریکا                                                                                                                                      234

3-11-5-استرالیا                                                                                                                                      235

4-11-5- کانادا                                                                                                                                        235

5-11-5- روسیه                                                                                                                                        236 6-11-5- ازبکستان                                                                                                                                  236

 7-11-5- اندونزی                                                                                                                                  236     

12-5- قیمت طلا                                                                                                                                       238

13-5- تغییرات قیمت طلا                                                                                                                         241

14-5- بازار مبادلات بین المللی طلا                                                                                                     243

15-5- امکان سنجی تولید طلا در ایران                                                                                               245

نتیجه گیری                                                                                                                                                   246

منابع و مأخذ                                                                                                                                                248

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منبع:

1- بهرام رضائی،فلوتاسیون،1378

2- حسن مدنی و سیروس شفقی،زمین شناسی عمومی،1380

3- دانشگاه سراسری تهران

4- روزنامه شرق 27 آوریل 2004

5- روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد

6- سازمان اکتشاف معدنی کشور

7- سازمان زمین شناسی کشور

8- سازمان توسعه و نوسازی مواد معدنی

9- سایت شریف نیوز (پایگاه خبری-تحلیلی دانشجویان کشور)

10- سایت IRGOLD

11- شرکت تهیه و تولید مواد معدنی

12- گزارشات اکتشافات مقدماتی طلا (طرح اکتشاف سراسری)

13- گزارشات اقتصادی از نوسانات قیمت طلا در جهان،ترجمه حسن روح پرور

14- وزارت صنایع و معادن کشور

1-AMERICAN METAL MARKET,2004                                         

2-ANTAIKE PRECIOUS & MINOR METALS MONTHLY,2004

3-DIORO EXPLORATION NL,2004

4-GFMS LTD,2004

5-GOLD FIELD MINERAL SERRICES,2004                                      

6-HARMONY GOLD MINING CO-LTD,2004                                     

7-METAL BULLETIN DAILY,2004                                                  

8-MINING JOURNAL,2004

9-PLATTS METALS WEEK,2004 A                                                       

10-WORLD GOLD COUNCIL,2004       

.